Category Archives: Technology

Staying alert during classes is sometimes not that easy, but when studying online… can classes offered online cut through the maze of distractions – such as email, the Internet, TV and more – that face students as they sit in front of a computer?

New research by Harvard Researchers Szpunar, Khan, and Schacter gives an answer to this problem: by interspersing online lectures with short tests, student mind wandering decreased by 50 percent, note-taking tripled and overall retention of the material improved!

From the press release:

Ironically, Schacter said, while online classes have exploded in popularity in recent years, there remains “shockingly little” hard scientific data about how students learn in the virtual classroom.

“A lot of people have ideas about what techniques are effective,” he said. “There’s a general folk wisdom that says lessons should be short and engaging, but there’s an absence of rigorous testing to back that up.”

To get at that question, he, Szpunar, and research assistant Novall Khan devised two experiments.

In the first, a group of students were asked to watch a lecture that had been broken up into four segments of approximately five minutes each. After each segment, students were asked to do several math problems. Some students were then tested on the material from the lecture, while a control group did several more math problems.

In the second experiment, participants were separated into three groups. Similar to the first experiment, all began watching a lecture that had been broken up into four segments. The difference was that students were interrupted, and asked whether their mind was wandering.

“It was surprising how high the baseline tendency to mind-wander is,” Schacter said. “In our experiments, when we asked students if they were mind-wandering, they said yes roughly 40 percent of the time. It’s a significant problem.”

Following each segment, all three groups again did a set of math problems. Some students were then tested on the lecture, some did more math problems, and some were given the chance to re-study material from the lecture.

Surprisingly, Schacter said, in both experiments, students who were tested between each segment – but not the others, even those who were allowed to re-study the material – showed a marked drop in mind wandering and improved overall retention of the material.

“It’s not sufficient for a lecture to be short or to break up a lecture as we did in these experiments,” Schacter said. “You need to have the testing. Just breaking it up and allowing them to do something else, even allowing them to re-study the material, does nothing to cut down on mind wandering, and does nothing to improve final test performance. The testing is the critical component.”

Those tests, Schacter and Szpunar believe, act as an incentive for students to pay closer attention to the lecture, because they know they’ll have to answer questions at the end of each segment.

“Whether it’s in the classroom or online, students typically don’t expect to have to summarize a lecture in a way that makes sense until much later on,” Szpunar explained. “But if we give them an incentive to do that every now and then, students are actually much more likely to set everything else aside, and decide they can get to that text after class, or they can worry about their other class later, and they’re able to absorb the material much better.”

Another surprising effect of the testing, Szpunar said, was to reduce testing anxiety among students, and to ease student fears that the lecture material would be very challenging.

Going forward, Schacter said, he hopes to research whether the testing effect can also reduce mind-wandering in the classroom.

“We know that there is mind-wandering in classroom lectures,” he said. “Testing intervention hasn’t been tried yet, but I think both Karl and I expect it would have similar, and possibly even stronger, results, because these experiments were conducted in a very controlled setting.”

As online courses are touted as the future of higher education, Szpunar said he hopes the findings lay out a blueprint that can ensure students get the most out of the experience they can.

“At the very least, what this says is that it’s not enough to break up lectures into smaller segments, or to fill that break with some activity,” he said. “What we really need to do is instill in students the expectation that they will need to express what they’ve learned at some later point. I think it’s going to be a very sobering thought for a lot of people to think that students aren’t paying attention almost half the time, but this is one way we can help them get more out of these online lectures.

Abstract of the research published in PNAS:

The recent emergence and popularity of online educational resources brings with it challenges for educators to optimize the dissemination of online content. Here we provide evidence that points toward a solution for the difficulty that students frequently report in sustaining attention to online lectures over extended periods. In two experiments, we demonstrate that the simple act of interpolating online lectures with memory tests can help students sustain attention to lecture content in a manner that discourages task-irrelevant mind wandering activities, encourages task-relevant note-taking activities, and improves learning. Importantly, frequent testing was associated with reduced anxiety toward a final cumulative test and also with reductions in subjective estimates of cognitive demand. Our findings suggest a potentially key role for interpolated testing in the development and dissemination of online educational content.