This is a topic that can get people itchy, I’ve noticed. The important element in this new study is that it was conducted by both medical researchers and social scientists and to check the enormous list of contributors to the research. Also do note that the influence of our genes looks significant, the estimated effects sizes are rather small.

*Update*: I also found this interesting FAQ on the research!

From the press release:

A worldwide consortium of medical researchers and social scientists has found tiny changes to a person’s genetic sequence are associated with educational level.
The study was conducted by the Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, which includes Professor Peter Visscher from The University of Queensland‘s (UQ) Queensland Brain Institute (QBI) and Diamantina Institute (DI).
“We studied the genetic information of more than 125,000 people, looking specifically at a type of genetic variation called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),” Professor Visscher said. A SNP is one of the most common genetic changes and involves the replacement of a single unit that makes up our DNA with another.
“We investigated whether any of these small genetic changes were associated with the number of years of schooling and also whether or not a person had finished tertiary education,” Professor Visscher said.

The study identified a number of SNPs that, when combined, were found to account for around 2% of the difference in number of years and cognitive ability of the individuals.  Professor Visscher explained that although this finding is only a very small piece of a very large puzzle, involving many other genetic and environmental factors, it does have a number of significant implications.  “These small changes, though they have little effect alone, may lead to insights into biological pathways underlying human behaviour. Discovering them helps us to identify which genes are involved, leading us to study their function in much greater detail,” he said.

The study may also help to understand why some people are more susceptible to early cognitive decline than others.  “We are interested in understanding individual differences between people in memory and learning because that may lead to a better understanding of why some people cognitively age better than others, and why some people are genetically more susceptible to dementia,” Professor Visscher said.

The study had a sample size about 10 times larger than any other study investigating social-scientific outcomes.
“By increasing the number of individuals, we can move toward having a better understanding of the true effects of individual genetic markers on behavioural traits,” Professor Visscher said.

The research is published in Science:

A genome-wide association study of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent SNPs are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (R² ≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈ 2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics