Often when I see people taking pictures of my slides, I tell them they’ll get the slides afterwards. But maybe I have been wrong? As this study has found that taking pictures of PowerPoint slides during an online presentation helped students remember the slide content better than for slides they did not photograph. The researchers seem surprised themselves about the result and can’t really explain why this was the case. And I have to admit, it seems to go against a lot of what we know about learning. So I do look forward to the follow-up study that has already been announced (and I’m hoping for some replications, too!).

From the press release (bold by me):

Students often take camera-phone photos of slides during an instructor’s presentation. But the question has lingered whether this practice helps students remember information.

A first-of-its-kind study answers the question, finding that taking pictures of PowerPoint slides during an online presentation helped students remember the slide content better than for slides they did not photograph. The study was recently published in the Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition by UC Riverside psychology professor and researcher Annie Ditta.

In both experiments of the two-part study, students were asked not to study the photographs before testing. Does the act of taking the photograph itself help students better remember the content?

Other experiments have considered whether people retain information better when they photograph information. In those studies, many of them conducted in museum galleries to mimic photo-taking outside of a classroom, photograph-taking hindered peoples’ ability to remember the photographed content when they were later tested.

But Ditta’s is the first study that specifically considered the lecture slides students photograph as part of their academic studies. Not only did students remember content better when they photographed it, but students also better remembered complementary spoken-word-only content.

“Given that the floodgates have already opened regarding the use of technology in the classroom — particularly with the proliferation of online courses offered due to COVID-19 — it is wise to study how best to support learners’ use of technology in the classroom so we can understand how best to support their learning with these devices,” Ditta and her fellow researchers concluded.

In the first experiment, 132 university students were asked to take photographs of alternate PowerPoint slides on their computer screens. Half took photos of the even-numbered slides; half took photos of the odd-numbered slides. The presentations they were shown involved subjects with which it was assumed the mostly psychology students would have little familiarity — printmaking, fencing, and cheese-making.

For the 60-question fill-in-the-blank test that followed, students were asked to recall information from both the slides and the spoken-word-only portion of the teacher’s presentation.

The first experiment found participants remembered the slide information significantly better when they took a photo than when they did not. However, there was no difference in memory for the spoken-word-only information.

In the second experiment, half of the 108 study participants could photograph their choice of slides, as long as they photographed about half. The other half of participants were “yoked” to the first set of students, instructed to photograph only the slides the others chose to photograph.

Whether the students chose the slides they photographed, or whether they were instructed to mimic others’ photo-taking, both sets of students remembered slide-photographed content better than non-photographed content. This time, however, they also experienced a benefit for remembering spoken-word-only content.

“Overall, we found evidence for a photo-taking benefit in an online lecture,” Ditta and her colleagues wrote. “The results were surprising, given that most prior research has found a photo-taking impairment effect.”

Additionally, the researchers wrote: “Students who take photos in lectures could enjoy the benefits of taking photos for on-slide information without much cost to information that is only said.”

Before both experiments, students expressed a belief that photo-taking would help them remember slide information — but they felt it would not help them remember spoken-word-only content. “They were wrong about that,” Ditta said regarding the spoken content findings of the second experiment.

The study did not determine why the photo-taking helps ; Ditta said that will be addressed in a planned follow-up study. But Ditta and her colleagues surmised regarding the first experiment’s findings: “It’s possible that the predictability of taking a photo every other slide enabled participants to pay more attention to the upcoming to-be-photographed slides in experiment 1 .”

Previous experiments found note-taking was superior to photo-taking in terms of remembering content. Ditta’s study did not compare note-taking with photo-taking; she said the interaction of note-taking and photo-taking will also be the subject of a future study.

Abstract of the study:

Students often take photos of slides during lectures. Research on the photo-taking-impairment effect suggests that this behavior could impair memory for lecture content, whereas other work suggests that photo-taking could cause memory benefits, at least for visually presented information. Two experiments examined the effect of photographing lecture slides on memory for information that appeared on the lecture slides as well as information only spoken aloud by the lecturer. In Experiment 1, participants were assigned to take photos of some lecture slides, but not others, before being tested on memory for the material. Experiment 2 employed a yoked design in which half of the participants took photos of slides volitionally, whereas the other half were assigned to photograph the same slides nonvolitionally. Across both experiments, a photo-taking benefit was observed for on-slide information, regardless of volition condition. These findings contrasted with participants’ metacognitive judgments of when taking a photo would benefit their memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)